Reziliența rețelei școlare în România – dinamica structurilor spațiale ale școlilor primare rurale
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Feb 3, 2025
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Abstract
Recent research into the geography of education frequently addresses the consequences of declining birth rates and demographic ageing in relation to the shrinking rural school network. Although studies often present conflicting views, whether it is pro- or anti-restructuring, the motivations of decision-makers converge around similar dilemmas: a small school is not financially sustainable, although the institution itself in a small village is perceived by the local community as the "heart of the village". However, the steady decline in school population forces decisions to close or merge them with larger ones, and implicitly, the daily commute of pupils to the larger one. The motivation for this analysis follows from an exhaustive rationale based on the scarcity of quantitative micro- and macro-scale research on the resilience of the rural school network to the dynamics of the primary-age population. The objectives of the study are aimed both at the punctual identification of the spatial structures and conjunctural situations regarding the numerical evolution of primary schools in Romania between 2015-2021, as well as the geographical and cartographic analysis of the spaces with indicators at both extremes of school population statistics. On the one hand, the areas affected early by the effects of depopulation have seen the most extensive restructuring of the schools, either by merging the small units or by adopting multi-grade teaching, one the other hand, the suburban areas of large cities have experienced substantial increases in a short period of time in the number of pupils, leading to overcrowding of classes.
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How to Cite
Buza, V. (2025). Reziliența rețelei școlare în România – dinamica structurilor spațiale ale școlilor primare rurale. Sociologie Românească, 22(2), 108-132. https://doi.org/10.33788/sr.22.2.5
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Bajerski, A. (2020). Rural schools in Poland in the period of post-socialist decentralization and demographic decline, în C. Gristy, L. Hargreaves, & S.R. Kučerová (eds), Educational Research and Schooling in Rural Europe: An Engagement with Changing Patterns of Education, Space, and Place. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing, 125-145.
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Drăghici, C.C. et al. (2022). Specificity of the Demographic Dynamics in the Danube Delta, în A.M Negm, & D.C. Diaconu, (eds), The Danube River Delta. Earth and Environmental Sciences Library. Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-03983-6_7.
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Karlberg-Granlund, G. (2019). Exploring the challenge of working in a small school and community: Uncovering hidden tensions. Journal of Rural Studies, 72, 293-305. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.10.01
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Kroismayr, S. (2019). Small School Closures in Rural Areas - The Beginning or the End of a Downward Spiral? Some Evidence from Austria, în J. Anson, W. Bartl, & A. Kulczycki, (eds), Studies in the Sociology of Population. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94869-0_11.
Kubeš, J., & Vokrouhlík, T. (2019). Strategies and measures for preserving rural and increasing suburban primary schools in the district of České Budějovice, Czechia, Geographia Cassoviensis, 13(1), 53-67. doi: 10.33542/GC2019-1-05.
Kučerová, S., & Kučera, Z. (2012). Changes in the spatial distribution of elementary schools and their impact on rural communities in Czechia in the second half of the 20th century, Journal of Research in Rural Education, 27(11), 1-17.
Kučerová, S. R., Meyer, P., Trahorsch, P. (2020). Factors influencing elementary education systems in selected European countries, în C. Gristy, L. Hargreaves, & S.R. Kučerová (eds), Educational Research and Schooling in Rural Europe: An Engagement with Changing Patterns of Education, Space, and Place. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing, 21-48.
Kvalsund, R. (2019). Bigger or better? Research-based reflections on the cultural deconstruction of rural schools in Norway: Metaperspectives, în H. Jahnke, C. Kramer, & P. Meusburger (eds), Geographies of Schooling. Cham: Springer, 179-217.
Lehtonen, O. (2021). Primary school closures and population development - is school vitality an investment in the attractiveness of the (rural) communities or not? Journal of Rural Studies, 82, 138-147. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.011.
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Muntele, I., Istrate, M., & Bunduc, F. (2020). Educational disparities in Romania. A multilevel analysis of the National Assessment Examination succes rate, Rev. Roum. Géogr. Rom. Journ. Geogr, 64, 43-55.
Raggl, A. (2015). Teaching and learning in small rural primary schools in Austria and Switzerland-Opportunities and challenges from teachers’ and students’ perspectives, International Journal of Educational Research, 74, 127-135. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2015.09.007.
Slee, B., & Miller, D. (2015). School Closures as a Driver of Rural Decline in Scotland: A Problem in Pursuit of Some Evidence? Scottish Geographical Journal, 131(2), 78-97. doi:10.1080/14702541.2014.988288.
Smit, R., Hyry-Beihammer, E.K., & Raggl, A. (2015). Teaching and learning in small, rural schools in four European countries: Introduction and synthesis of mixed-/multi-age approaches. International Journal of Educational Research, 74, 97-103. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2015.04.007.
Solstad, K. J. (2009). The impact of globalisation on small communities and small schools in Europe, Improving Equity in Rural Education, ISFIRE 2009, Symposium Proceedings, 45-58.
Solstad, K. J., & Karlberg-Granlund G. (2020). Rural education in a globalized world, în C. Gristy, Hargreaves L., & Kučerová S.R. (eds), Educational Research and Schooling in Rural Europe: An Engagement with Changing Patterns of Education, Space and Place. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing,.49-76.
Tudora, D. (2010). Distribuţia geografică a indicilor stării sociale a populaţiei rurale din Moldova Apuseană. Iași: Editura Universității Ioan Cuza Iași, 35-42.
Villa, M., & Knutas, A. (2020). Rural communities and schools - Valuing and reproducing local culture. Journal of Rural Studies. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.09.004.
Vulević, A., & Knežević, A. (2017). Demographic response to accessibility improvement in depopulation cross border regions: The case of Euroregion Danube 21 in Serbia, Zbornik radova-Geografski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, 65(1), 167-191. doi: 10.5937/zrgfub1765 167V.
White, S., & Reid, J.-A. (2008). Placing teachers? Sustaining rural schooling through place-consciousness in teacher education, Journal of Research in Rural Education, 23(7), 1-11.
Assmo, P., & Wihlborg, E. (2012). Public services choices when there are no alternatives? – A paradox of new public management in rural areas, Journal of Rural and Community Development, 7(2).
Bagley, C., & Hillyard, S. (2011). Village schools in England: at the heart of their community? Australian Journal of Education, 55(1), 37-49. doi:10.1177/00049441110550 0105.
Bagley, C., & Hillyard, S. (2013). Rural schools, social capital and the Big Society: a theoretical and empirical exposition, British Educational Research Journal, 40(1), 63-78. doi:10.1002/berj.3026.
Bajerski, A. (2020). Rural schools in Poland in the period of post-socialist decentralization and demographic decline, în C. Gristy, L. Hargreaves, & S.R. Kučerová (eds), Educational Research and Schooling in Rural Europe: An Engagement with Changing Patterns of Education, Space, and Place. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing, 125-145.
Bîrzea, C., Neacsu, I., Potolea, D., Ionescu, M., Istrate, O., & Velea, L.S. (2006). National report: Romania, în P. Zgaga (eds), The prospects of teacher education in south-east Europe, 437-485. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana.
Brouwer, E. (2019). The impact of school closures on rural villages in the Northern Netherlands. A precursor of demographic decline? Teză de master, Universitatea Groningen. Disponibil la https://frw.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/id/eprint/3146.
Deunk, M., &Maslowski, R. (2020). The role of school boards and school leadership in small rural schools in the Nertherlands, în C. Gristy, L. Hargreaves, & S.R. Kučerová (eds), Educational Research and Schooling in Rural Europe: An Engagement with Changing Patterns of Education, Space, and Place. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing, 237-257.
Drăghici, C.C. et al. (2022). Specificity of the Demographic Dynamics in the Danube Delta, în A.M Negm, & D.C. Diaconu, (eds), The Danube River Delta. Earth and Environmental Sciences Library. Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-03983-6_7.
Egelund, N., & Laustsen, H. (2006). School Closure: What are the consequences for the local society? Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 50(4), 429-439. doi:10.1080/00313830600823787.
Fargas-Malet, M., & Bagley, C. (2022). Is small beautiful? A scoping review of 21st-century research on small rural schools in Europe, European Educational Research Journal, 21(5), 822-844. doi: 10.1177/14749041211022202.
Gheba, A. (2019). Alegerea școlii. Analiza mecanismelor de înscriere în învățământul preuniversitar. Studiu de caz: admiterea la liceu în București, Teză de doctorat, Școala Națională de Studii Politice și Administrative, București. Disponibil la https://rei.gov.ro/teza-doctorat/F-CA-23305-25-07-2019.
Haartsen, T., van Wissen, L. (2012). Causes and consequences of regional population decline for primary schools. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 103(4), 487-496. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00736.x.
Hargreaves, L. M. (2020). Introduction: European rural schools and their communities:“The Stone in Europe’s Shoe?”, în C. Gristy, L. Hargreaves, & S.R. Kučerová (eds), Educational Research and Schooling in Rural Europe: An Engagement with Changing Patterns of Education, Space, and Place. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing, 1-18.
Hargreaves, L. M., Kvalsund, R., & Galton, M. (2009). Reviews of research on rural schools and their communities in British and Nordic countries: Analytical perspectives and cultural meaning, International Journal of Educational Research, 48, 80-88. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2009. 02.001.
Karlberg-Granlund, G. (2019). Exploring the challenge of working in a small school and community: Uncovering hidden tensions. Journal of Rural Studies, 72, 293-305. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.10.01
Keserű, I. (2013). Commuting patterns of secondary school students in the functional urban region of Budapest, Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 62(2), 197-219.
Kovács, K. (2012). Rescuing a small village school in the context of rural change in Hungary, Journal of Rural Studies, 28(2), 108-117. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.0.
Kroismayr, S. (2019). Small School Closures in Rural Areas - The Beginning or the End of a Downward Spiral? Some Evidence from Austria, în J. Anson, W. Bartl, & A. Kulczycki, (eds), Studies in the Sociology of Population. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94869-0_11.
Kubeš, J., & Vokrouhlík, T. (2019). Strategies and measures for preserving rural and increasing suburban primary schools in the district of České Budějovice, Czechia, Geographia Cassoviensis, 13(1), 53-67. doi: 10.33542/GC2019-1-05.
Kučerová, S., & Kučera, Z. (2012). Changes in the spatial distribution of elementary schools and their impact on rural communities in Czechia in the second half of the 20th century, Journal of Research in Rural Education, 27(11), 1-17.
Kučerová, S. R., Meyer, P., Trahorsch, P. (2020). Factors influencing elementary education systems in selected European countries, în C. Gristy, L. Hargreaves, & S.R. Kučerová (eds), Educational Research and Schooling in Rural Europe: An Engagement with Changing Patterns of Education, Space, and Place. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing, 21-48.
Kvalsund, R. (2019). Bigger or better? Research-based reflections on the cultural deconstruction of rural schools in Norway: Metaperspectives, în H. Jahnke, C. Kramer, & P. Meusburger (eds), Geographies of Schooling. Cham: Springer, 179-217.
Lehtonen, O. (2021). Primary school closures and population development - is school vitality an investment in the attractiveness of the (rural) communities or not? Journal of Rural Studies, 82, 138-147. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.011.
Ministerul Educației Naționale (n.d.). Seturi de date publicate de Ministerul Educației Naționale. Data.gov.ro. Disponibil la https://data.gov.ro/dataset?_organization_limit=0&organization=men Accesat la 25 august 2024.
Muntele, I., Istrate, M., & Bunduc, F. (2020). Educational disparities in Romania. A multilevel analysis of the National Assessment Examination succes rate, Rev. Roum. Géogr. Rom. Journ. Geogr, 64, 43-55.
Raggl, A. (2015). Teaching and learning in small rural primary schools in Austria and Switzerland-Opportunities and challenges from teachers’ and students’ perspectives, International Journal of Educational Research, 74, 127-135. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2015.09.007.
Slee, B., & Miller, D. (2015). School Closures as a Driver of Rural Decline in Scotland: A Problem in Pursuit of Some Evidence? Scottish Geographical Journal, 131(2), 78-97. doi:10.1080/14702541.2014.988288.
Smit, R., Hyry-Beihammer, E.K., & Raggl, A. (2015). Teaching and learning in small, rural schools in four European countries: Introduction and synthesis of mixed-/multi-age approaches. International Journal of Educational Research, 74, 97-103. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2015.04.007.
Solstad, K. J. (2009). The impact of globalisation on small communities and small schools in Europe, Improving Equity in Rural Education, ISFIRE 2009, Symposium Proceedings, 45-58.
Solstad, K. J., & Karlberg-Granlund G. (2020). Rural education in a globalized world, în C. Gristy, Hargreaves L., & Kučerová S.R. (eds), Educational Research and Schooling in Rural Europe: An Engagement with Changing Patterns of Education, Space and Place. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing,.49-76.
Tudora, D. (2010). Distribuţia geografică a indicilor stării sociale a populaţiei rurale din Moldova Apuseană. Iași: Editura Universității Ioan Cuza Iași, 35-42.
Villa, M., & Knutas, A. (2020). Rural communities and schools - Valuing and reproducing local culture. Journal of Rural Studies. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.09.004.
Vulević, A., & Knežević, A. (2017). Demographic response to accessibility improvement in depopulation cross border regions: The case of Euroregion Danube 21 in Serbia, Zbornik radova-Geografski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, 65(1), 167-191. doi: 10.5937/zrgfub1765 167V.
White, S., & Reid, J.-A. (2008). Placing teachers? Sustaining rural schooling through place-consciousness in teacher education, Journal of Research in Rural Education, 23(7), 1-11.