Generațiile X, Y și Z pe piața muncii. Caracteristici specifice, strategii de implicare în învățarea activă și abordări ale relației managerilor cu angajații
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Abstract
The article describes the main characteristics of some age groups known as Generations X, Y, Z. It’s main aim consists of analyzing these generations’ characteristics in relation to the labour market. Also, on the basis of these characteristics, we set out the most efficient strategies of how to engage members of Generation Y and Z in active learning and what leadership and management they wish to find at their jobs. Digital natives, both Generation Y and Generation Z members want dynamic jobs, preferring professional autonomy and need constant growth. The information they get has to be applicable in real life, trainers have to be mentors and guides and teaching-learning methods have to combine technologies and interactive style. Managers should be their models, inspirational people, they should implement a free and flexible management style, be daily close to employees, always give feedback and create technological and collaborative working spaces.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Raiu, S.-L. (2021). Generațiile X, Y și Z pe piața muncii. Caracteristici specifice, strategii de implicare în învățarea activă și abordări ale relației managerilor cu angajații. Sociologie Românească, 19(2), 89-121. https://doi.org/10.33788/sr.19.2.4
References
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Chicca, J., & Shellenbarger, T. (2018). Connecting with Generation Z: Approaches in Nursing Education. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 13, 180-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2018.03.008.
Eyoun, K., Chen, H., Ayoun, B., & Khliefat, A. (2020). The relationship between purpose of performance appraisal and psychological contract: Generational differences as a moderator. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102449.
Farrell, W., C., & Phungsoonthorn, T. (2020). Generation Z in Thailand. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 20(1) 25-51. DOI:10.1177/1470595820904116.
Ford, K. (2018). Persisting gaps: Labor Market outcomes and numeracy skill levels of firstgeneration and multi-generation College graduates in the United States. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 56, 21-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2018.06.003.
Gindi, A. A., Abdullah, A. M., Ismail, M. M., & Nawi, N. M. (2016). Shopping drivers of generational cohorts: A comparison between night market and wet market formats for fresh fruit and vegetable purchase in Malaysia. Australasian Marketing Journal, 24(2), 165-170.
Goh, E., & Okumus, F. (2020). Avoiding the hospitality workforce bubble: Strategies to attract and retain generation Z talent in the hospitality workforce. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100603.
Gursoy, D., Geng-Qing Chib C., & Karadagc, E. (2013). Generational differences in work values and attitudes among frontline and service contact employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 40-48, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.002.
Gursoy, D., Maier, T. A., & Chi, C. G. (2008). Generational differences: An examination of work values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (3), 448-458.
Hart, S. (2017). Today's learners and educators: Bridging the generational gaps. Teaching and Learning in Nursing xxx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2017.05.003.
Hayes, J. B., Parks, C., McNeilly, S., & Johnson, P. (2018). Boomers to Millennials: Generational Stereotypes at Work in Academic Librarianship. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2018.09.011.
Iorgulescu, M.-C. (2016). Generation Z and its Perception of Work, Cross-Cultural Management Journal, XVIII, 1(9), 47-54. Disponibil la https://cmj.seaopenresearch.eu/volume-xviii.
iSense Solutions (2019). Millennials: Atitudini, așteptări, aspirații și decizii. Disponibil la https://www.isensesolutions.ro/#!/youth-generation-perception-on-jobs. Accesat în 25 iulie 2021 (raport primit de la companie).
Jackson, V., Stoel, L., & Brantley, A. (2011). Mall attributes and shopping value: Differences by gender and generational cohort. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(1), 1-9.
Karakas, F., Manisaligil, A., & Sarigollu, E. (2015). Management learning at the speed of life: Designing reflective, creative, and collaborative spaces for millenials. The International Journal of Management Education, 13, 237-248, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2015.07.001.
Karashchuk, O. S., Mayorova, E. A., Nikishin, A. F., & Kornilova, O. V. (2020). The Method for Determining Time-Generation Range. SAGE Open, https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020968082.
King, C., Murillo, E., & Lee, H. (2017).The effects of generational work values on employee brand attitudeand behavior: A multi-group analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management 66, 92-105, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.07.006.
Kim, H. J., Knight, D. K., & Crutsinger, C. (2009). Generation Y employees' retail work experience: The mediating effect of job characteristics, Journal of Business Research, 62, 548-556. DOI:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.06.014.
Lee, C. S., Hung, D. K. M., & Ling, T. C. (2012). Work values of Generation Y preservice teachers in Malaysia, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 704-710. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.187.
Lim, H. L. (2012). Attracting and retaining Generation Y engineering and business professionals in the Middle-east. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 62, 25-29.
Lissitsa, S., & Kol, O. (2016). Generation X vs. generation Y - A decade of online shopping. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, 304-312.
MacDonald, J. B., Saliba, A. J., & Bruwer, J. (2013). Wine choice and drivers of consumption explored in relation to generational cohorts and methodology. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(3), 349-357.
Maloni, M., Hiatt, M. S., & Campbell, S. (2019). Understanding the work values of Gen Z business students, The International Journal of Management Education, 17, 100320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2019.100320.
Nikula, E., Järvinen, T., & Laiho, A. (2020).The Contradictory Role of Technology in Finnish Young People’s Images of Future Schools. Young, 1-20. DOI: 10.1177/1103308819894806.
Ozkan, M., & Solmaz, B. (2015). The Changing Face Of The Employees- Generation Z And Their Perceptions Of Work. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 476-483. DOI: 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00876-X.
Rudolph, C. W., Rauvola, R. S., & Zacher, H. (2017). Leadership and generations at work: A critical review. The Leadership Quarterly, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.09.004.
Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. (2017a). Considering generations from a lifespan developmental perspective. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3, 113-129, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/workar/waw019.
Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. (2017b). Myths and misconceptions about leading generations: Setting the record straight, în T. A. Scandura, & E. Mourino (eds.), Leading diversity in the 21st century, Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, 243-278.
Sandu D., Stoica, C. A., & Umbreș, R. (2014). Tineri în România: griji, aspirații, atitudini și stil de viață. București: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Disponibil la https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/bukarest/12142.pdf. Accesat în 25 iulie 2021.
Shamis, E., & Nikonov, E. (2018). Teoriya pokolenij. Strategiya Bebi-Bumerov [Generation theory. Strategy of baby boomers]. Izdatelskii dom Universiteta “Sinergiya.”
Schenarts, P. J. (in press). Now Arriving: Surgical Trainees From Generation Z, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2019.09.004.
Stewart, J. S., Oliver, E. G., Cravens, K. S., & Oishi, S. (2016). Managing millennials: Embracing generational differences. Business Horizons, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2016.08.011.
Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The history of America’s future 1584 to 2069. William Morrow & Company, 538.
Subramaniam, V., & Razak, N. A. (2014). Examining Language Usage and Patterns in Online Conversation: Communication Gap Among Generation Y And Baby Boomers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 118, 468-474. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.064.
Sumarti, T., & Falatehanb, S. F. (2016). The Role and Position of Young Coffee Farmers: The Gap between Generations in the Coffee Business. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 9, 500-509. DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.169.
Turner, A. (2015). Generation Z: Technology and social interest. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2), 103-113.
Twenge, J. M. (2017). iGen: Why today's super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy- and completely unprepared for adulthood and what that means for the rest of us. New York, NY: Atria Books.
Vasilescu, R. (2011). The Romanian generation y: Preparing today’s students for tomorrow’s job market. Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series, 2(1), 47-53. Disponibil la https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227489669_The_Romanian_generation_y_Preparing_today's_students_for_tomorrow's_job_market. Accesat în 25 iulie 2021.
Watcom Group (2018). Cre retail: Pokolenie pokupatelei millenialov [Cre retail: Millennials generation of buyers]. Disponibil la https://www.watcom.ru/news/novosti/cre-retail-pokolenie-pokupateley-millenialov-aprel-2018/.
Williams, V. N., Medina, J., Medina, A., & Clifton, S. (2016). Bridging the Millennial Generation Expectation Gap: Perspectives and Strategies for Physician and Interprofessional Faculty. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2016.12.004.
Wong, IK, A., PennyWan, Y. K., & Gao, J. H. (2017). How to attract and retain Generation Y employees? An exploration of career choice and the meaning of work. Tourism Management Perspectives, 23, 140-150, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.06.003.
Betz, C. L. (2019). Generations X, Y, and Z. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 44, A7-A8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2018.12.013.
Ciumara, T. (2014). Baby-Boomers and the Romanian Financial System. Hyperion Economic Journal, Year II, 1(2), March 2014. Disponibil la https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263091361_Baby-Boomers_and_the_Romanian_Financial_System. Accesat în 25 iulie 2021.
Chicca, J., & Shellenbarger, T. (2018). Connecting with Generation Z: Approaches in Nursing Education. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 13, 180-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2018.03.008.
Eyoun, K., Chen, H., Ayoun, B., & Khliefat, A. (2020). The relationship between purpose of performance appraisal and psychological contract: Generational differences as a moderator. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102449.
Farrell, W., C., & Phungsoonthorn, T. (2020). Generation Z in Thailand. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 20(1) 25-51. DOI:10.1177/1470595820904116.
Ford, K. (2018). Persisting gaps: Labor Market outcomes and numeracy skill levels of firstgeneration and multi-generation College graduates in the United States. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 56, 21-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2018.06.003.
Gindi, A. A., Abdullah, A. M., Ismail, M. M., & Nawi, N. M. (2016). Shopping drivers of generational cohorts: A comparison between night market and wet market formats for fresh fruit and vegetable purchase in Malaysia. Australasian Marketing Journal, 24(2), 165-170.
Goh, E., & Okumus, F. (2020). Avoiding the hospitality workforce bubble: Strategies to attract and retain generation Z talent in the hospitality workforce. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100603.
Gursoy, D., Geng-Qing Chib C., & Karadagc, E. (2013). Generational differences in work values and attitudes among frontline and service contact employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 40-48, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.002.
Gursoy, D., Maier, T. A., & Chi, C. G. (2008). Generational differences: An examination of work values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (3), 448-458.
Hart, S. (2017). Today's learners and educators: Bridging the generational gaps. Teaching and Learning in Nursing xxx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2017.05.003.
Hayes, J. B., Parks, C., McNeilly, S., & Johnson, P. (2018). Boomers to Millennials: Generational Stereotypes at Work in Academic Librarianship. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2018.09.011.
Iorgulescu, M.-C. (2016). Generation Z and its Perception of Work, Cross-Cultural Management Journal, XVIII, 1(9), 47-54. Disponibil la https://cmj.seaopenresearch.eu/volume-xviii.
iSense Solutions (2019). Millennials: Atitudini, așteptări, aspirații și decizii. Disponibil la https://www.isensesolutions.ro/#!/youth-generation-perception-on-jobs. Accesat în 25 iulie 2021 (raport primit de la companie).
Jackson, V., Stoel, L., & Brantley, A. (2011). Mall attributes and shopping value: Differences by gender and generational cohort. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(1), 1-9.
Karakas, F., Manisaligil, A., & Sarigollu, E. (2015). Management learning at the speed of life: Designing reflective, creative, and collaborative spaces for millenials. The International Journal of Management Education, 13, 237-248, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2015.07.001.
Karashchuk, O. S., Mayorova, E. A., Nikishin, A. F., & Kornilova, O. V. (2020). The Method for Determining Time-Generation Range. SAGE Open, https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020968082.
King, C., Murillo, E., & Lee, H. (2017).The effects of generational work values on employee brand attitudeand behavior: A multi-group analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management 66, 92-105, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.07.006.
Kim, H. J., Knight, D. K., & Crutsinger, C. (2009). Generation Y employees' retail work experience: The mediating effect of job characteristics, Journal of Business Research, 62, 548-556. DOI:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.06.014.
Lee, C. S., Hung, D. K. M., & Ling, T. C. (2012). Work values of Generation Y preservice teachers in Malaysia, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 704-710. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.187.
Lim, H. L. (2012). Attracting and retaining Generation Y engineering and business professionals in the Middle-east. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 62, 25-29.
Lissitsa, S., & Kol, O. (2016). Generation X vs. generation Y - A decade of online shopping. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, 304-312.
MacDonald, J. B., Saliba, A. J., & Bruwer, J. (2013). Wine choice and drivers of consumption explored in relation to generational cohorts and methodology. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(3), 349-357.
Maloni, M., Hiatt, M. S., & Campbell, S. (2019). Understanding the work values of Gen Z business students, The International Journal of Management Education, 17, 100320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2019.100320.
Nikula, E., Järvinen, T., & Laiho, A. (2020).The Contradictory Role of Technology in Finnish Young People’s Images of Future Schools. Young, 1-20. DOI: 10.1177/1103308819894806.
Ozkan, M., & Solmaz, B. (2015). The Changing Face Of The Employees- Generation Z And Their Perceptions Of Work. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 476-483. DOI: 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00876-X.
Rudolph, C. W., Rauvola, R. S., & Zacher, H. (2017). Leadership and generations at work: A critical review. The Leadership Quarterly, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.09.004.
Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. (2017a). Considering generations from a lifespan developmental perspective. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3, 113-129, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/workar/waw019.
Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. (2017b). Myths and misconceptions about leading generations: Setting the record straight, în T. A. Scandura, & E. Mourino (eds.), Leading diversity in the 21st century, Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, 243-278.
Sandu D., Stoica, C. A., & Umbreș, R. (2014). Tineri în România: griji, aspirații, atitudini și stil de viață. București: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Disponibil la https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/bukarest/12142.pdf. Accesat în 25 iulie 2021.
Shamis, E., & Nikonov, E. (2018). Teoriya pokolenij. Strategiya Bebi-Bumerov [Generation theory. Strategy of baby boomers]. Izdatelskii dom Universiteta “Sinergiya.”
Schenarts, P. J. (in press). Now Arriving: Surgical Trainees From Generation Z, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2019.09.004.
Stewart, J. S., Oliver, E. G., Cravens, K. S., & Oishi, S. (2016). Managing millennials: Embracing generational differences. Business Horizons, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2016.08.011.
Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The history of America’s future 1584 to 2069. William Morrow & Company, 538.
Subramaniam, V., & Razak, N. A. (2014). Examining Language Usage and Patterns in Online Conversation: Communication Gap Among Generation Y And Baby Boomers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 118, 468-474. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.064.
Sumarti, T., & Falatehanb, S. F. (2016). The Role and Position of Young Coffee Farmers: The Gap between Generations in the Coffee Business. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 9, 500-509. DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.169.
Turner, A. (2015). Generation Z: Technology and social interest. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2), 103-113.
Twenge, J. M. (2017). iGen: Why today's super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy- and completely unprepared for adulthood and what that means for the rest of us. New York, NY: Atria Books.
Vasilescu, R. (2011). The Romanian generation y: Preparing today’s students for tomorrow’s job market. Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series, 2(1), 47-53. Disponibil la https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227489669_The_Romanian_generation_y_Preparing_today's_students_for_tomorrow's_job_market. Accesat în 25 iulie 2021.
Watcom Group (2018). Cre retail: Pokolenie pokupatelei millenialov [Cre retail: Millennials generation of buyers]. Disponibil la https://www.watcom.ru/news/novosti/cre-retail-pokolenie-pokupateley-millenialov-aprel-2018/.
Williams, V. N., Medina, J., Medina, A., & Clifton, S. (2016). Bridging the Millennial Generation Expectation Gap: Perspectives and Strategies for Physician and Interprofessional Faculty. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2016.12.004.
Wong, IK, A., PennyWan, Y. K., & Gao, J. H. (2017). How to attract and retain Generation Y employees? An exploration of career choice and the meaning of work. Tourism Management Perspectives, 23, 140-150, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.06.003.