Appreciative Case Management: Using the Social Constructionism in Social Intervention
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Abstract
The article presents a research in the field of case management, experiencing two forms of it: problem-centered case and appreciative case management. For this, an experiment carried out on a six-month period, during which time we verified the results obtained by applying two different supervision models, problem-oriented supervision and appreciative supervision. Based on parallel process, the case management was changed. For this experiment ten cases were identified with various degrees of risk in child abandonment. When the appreciative case management was applied, the studied cases showed better results compared to the cases that were managed based on problem. In the case of services aimed at preventing child abandonment, it can be seen that the classical intervention focused on problem, lasting less than three months, has no positive effect on the clients’ situation. This practically means that in such circumstances, the financial, human and material resources used for an intervention that lasts less than three months are wasted without significant results. The appreciative case management produces tangible results after a shorter period of time by comparison to the classical intervention. This can be seen in the results obtained within the experiment, which are due to the use of the appreciative approach in intervention. Focusing on problems in social work and the attempt to solve them may sometimes not result in their resolution; the orientation towards identifying deficiencies and dysfunctionalities yields poorer results than the appreciative intervention and preserves the problem.
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How to Cite
Cojocaru, Ștefan. (2021). Appreciative Case Management: Using the Social Constructionism in Social Intervention. Sociologie Românească, 19(2), 45-68. https://doi.org/10.33788/sr.19.2.2
References
Bradu, O.A., Sandu, A. (2009). Epistemic and axiological perspectives in appreciative supervision, Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 24, 95-102.
Bunea, O. (2009). Supervision as change factor of social intervention, Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 24, 127-144.
Bushe, G.R. (1999). Advances in appreciative inquiry as an organization development intervention, http://www.gervasebushe.com/aiodj.htm.
Bushe, G.R. (2010). A comparative case study of appreciative inquiries in one organization: implications for practice. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 29, 7-24.
Bushe, G.R., & Kassam, A.F. (2005). When is appreciative inquiry transformational? A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 41(2), 161-181. DOI: 10.1177/0021886304270337.
Coghlan, A.T., Preskill, H., & Catsambas, T.T. (2003). An overview of appreciative inquiry in evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, 100, 5-22. DOI: 10.1002/ev.96.
Cojocaru, D. (2003). Ancheta apreciativă - formă a cercetarii - aciune in schimbarea sociala. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 2, 203-208.
Cojocaru, D. (2011). Attending parenting education programmes in Romania. The case of the Holt Romania Iasi programme. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 32,140-154.
Cojocaru, S. (2005). Metode apreciative în asistenta sociala. Ancheta, supervizarea şi managementul de caz. Iaşi: Polirom.
Cojocaru, S. (2006). Social projectionism: A vision for new ethics in social welfare. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies , 13, 32-38.
Cojocaru, S. (2008). Appreciative evaluation - a form of formative evaluation. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 20, 42-48.
Cojocaru, S. (2010). Appreciative supervision in social work. New opportunities for changing the social work practice. Revista de cercetare si interventie sociala, 29, 72-91.
Cojocaru, S. (2012a). Appreciative Supervision. Effects of Appreciative Supervision on the Social Practices, 2012 World Appreciative Inquiry Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 25-28 April, 2012.
Cojocaru, S. (2012b). Appreciative case management. Using the principles of Appreciative Inquiry in social intervention. 2012 World Appreciative Inquiry Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 25-28 April, 2012.
Cooperrider, D.L, & Whitney, D. (2000). Appreciative inquiry: Rethinking human organization toward a positive theory of change, Stipes: Champaign, IL.
Cooperrider, D.L. (1990). Positive image, positive action: the affirmative basis of organizing. In: S. Srivastva, & D.L. Cooperrider, Appreciative Management and Leadership, San Francisco: Jossey- Bass, pp. 91-125.
Cooperrider, D.L., & Avital, M. (Eds.). (2004). Advances in Appreciative Inquiry: Constructive discourse and human organization (vol.1). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Cooperrider, D.L., & Srivastva, S. (1987). Appreciative Inquiry in Organization Life. In: W.A. Pasmore & W. Woodman (eds), Research in Organizational Change and Development, 1, 129-169.
Cooperrider, D.L., & Whitney, D. (2001). A positive revolution in change. In: D.L. Cooperider, P. Sorenson, D. Whitney, & T. Yeager (eds.), Appreciative inquiry: An emerging direction for organization development. Champaign, IL: Stipes.
Cooperrider, DL, & Srivatsva, S. (1994). Appreciative inquiry: an alternative to problem solving. In: W. French, & C. Bell, Organizational development and transformation, Ridge: Irwin.
Cooperrider, DL, Barett, F., Srivatsva, S. (1995). Social construction and appreciative inquiry: A journey in organizational theory. In: Hosking, D.M., Dachler, P.H. şi Gergen, K.J., Management and Organization: relational alternatives to individualism, Avebury, Aldershot: 157-200.
Cooperrider, DL, Srivatsva, S. (1987). Appreciative Inquiry in Organization Life. In: R. Woodman and W. Pasmore (Eds.), Research in organizational change and development, Vol. 1, pp. 129–169.
Copperrider, D.L. (1990). Positive image, positive action: the affirmative basis of organizing. In: Srivastva, S., Cooperrider, D.L., Appreciative Management and Leadership, Jossey- Bass, San Francisco, pp. 91-125.
Cowling, W.R. III, & Repede, E. (2010). Unitary Appreciative Inquiry Evolution and Refinement. Advances in Nursing Science, 33(1), 64-77. DOI: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e3181ce6bdd.
Donaldson, S.I., & Ko, I. (2010). Positive organizational psychology, behavior, and scholarship: A review of the emerging literature and evidence base. Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(3), 177-191. DOI: 10.1080/17439761003790930.
Elliott, C. (1999). Locating the Energy for Change: An Introduction to Appreciative Inquiry, Winnipeg, Monitoba, Canada, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).
Espedal, G. (2008). Creating growth and development in a coaching relation using appreciative inquiry and solution focused approach, Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 20, 16-41.
Fernando, M.S.C. (2010). Appreciative inquiry: a positive approach to organizational planning and learning, Social Research Reports, 10, 3-105.
Galazka, A. (2011). Drama as a tool of appreciative inquiry in creative learning. New Educational Review, 24(2), 45-56.
Gergen, K.J. (1985). The social constructionism movement in modern psychology. American Psychologist, 40(3), 266-275.
Gugeanu, M. (2009). Supervision: new domain of social work in Romania, Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 24, 145-156.
Hart, R.K., Conklin, T.A., & Allen, S.J. (2008). Individual leader development: An appreciative inquiry approach. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(5), 632-650. DOI: 10.1177/1523422308321950.
Hirunwat, P. (2011). Appreciative Inquiry based organization development intervention process on satisfaction and engagement of senior patients and sustainability of Sukavet Institution: a case study of nursing home. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 33, 56-71.
Johnson, G., & Leavitt, W. (2001). Building on succes: transforming organisations through an appreciative inquiry. Public Personnel Management, 30 (1), 129-136. DOI: 10.1177/009102600103000111.
Kavanagh, T., Stevens, B., Seers, K., Sidani, S., & Watt-Watson, J. (2010). Process evaluation of appreciative inquiry to translate pain management evidence into pediatric nursing practice. Implementation Science, 5, 90. DOI: 10.1186/1748-5908-5-90.
Kelly, T. (2010). A positive approach to change: the role of appreciative inquiry in library and information organisations. Australian Academic & Research Libraries, 41(3), 163-177. DOI: 10.1080/00048623.2010.10721461.
Kluger, A.N., & Nir, D. (2010). The feed forward interview. Human Resource Management Review, 20(3), SI, 235-246. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.08.002.
Kumar, L.R., & Chacko, TV. (2010). Using appreciative inquiry on learning styles to facilitate student learning. Medical Education, 44(11), 1121-1122. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03842.x.
Lander, D.A. (2002). Teaching and learning research literacies in graduate adult education: appreciative inquiry into practitioners ways of writing. Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education, 28(1), 31-55. DOI: 10.21225/D5W89B.
Loomis, J.F. (1988). Case management in health care. Health and Social Work, 13, 219-225. DOI: 10.1093/hsw/13.3.219.
Ludema, J.D., Whitney, D., Mohr, B.J., & Griffin, T.J. (2003). The appreciative inquiry summit: A pratitionr’s guide for leading large group change,San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Mc Quaide, S. and Ehrenreich J.H. (1997). Assessing client strengths. Families in Society, 78, 202- 210.
Messerschmidt, D. (2008). Evaluating Appreciative Inquiry as an Organizational Transformation Tool: An Assessment from Nepal. Human Organization, 67(4), 454-468.
Mezirow, J. (1996). Contemporary paradigms of learning. Adult Education Quarterly, 46(3), 158-173. DOI: 10.1177/074171369604600303.
Moore, S.T. (1992). Case Management and the Integration of Services: How Service Delivery Systems Shape Case Management. Social Work, 37(5), 418-423. DOI: 10.1093/sw/37.5.418.
Murrel, K.L, Watkins, J.M., Mohr, B. (2001). Book review of Appreciative Inquiry: change at the speed of imagination, Organization Development Journal, 19(3): 92-93.
National Association of Social Workers: NASW Standards for Social Case Management. Washington DC, NASW, June 1992 în http:\\Jma10\ServiceDataDirectory \_APRoAccess|Accounts|RessourcesMgtPlus
Ojha, G.P. (2010). Appreciative inquiry approach to evaluation practices in South Asia. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 30, 7-18.
Rattanaphan, P. (2010). Impact of organization of organization development interventions on human capital: a case study of Thailand Appreciative Inquiry Network. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 29, 25-43.
Reed, J. (2007). Appreciative inquiry: research for change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ridgely, M.S. şi Willenbring, M. (1992). Aplication of case management to drug abuse treatment: Overview of models and research issues. In: Ashery, R. (coord.), Progress and issues in case management (vol. 127, pp. 12-33), Rockville, MD, US Department of Health and Human Services, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration.
Rothman, J. (1991). A Model of Case Management: Toward Empirically Based Practice. Social Work, 36(6), 520-528. DOI: 10.1093/sw/36.6.520.
Rubin, A. (1987). Case management. In Encyclopedia of Social Work, Silver Spring, MD: National Association of Social Workers, vol. 1: 212-222.
Rubin, R., Kerrell, R., & Roberts, G. (2011). Appreciative inquiry in occupational therapy education. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(5), 233-240. DOI: 10.4276/030802211X13046730116533.
Saleebey D. (1992). The strengths perspective in social work practice., New York: Longman.
Saleebey D. (1994). Culture, theory and narrative: The intersection of meaning in practice. Social Work, 39, 346-358. DOI: 10.1093/sw/39.4.351.
Sandu, A., & Ciuchi, O.M. (2010). Affirmative dimensions of applied ethics. Apreciative therapies. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 30, 53-62.
Searles H.F. (1995). The informational values of the supervisor’s emotional experience. Psychiatry, 18. 133-141. DOI: 10.1080/00332747.1955.11023001.
Sullivan, W.P., Wolk, J.L., & Hartmann, D.J. (1992). Case management in alcohol and drug treatment: Improving client outcomes. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 73: 195-204. DOI: 10.1177/104438949207300401.
Thuderoy C. (2000). Negocierile. Eseu de sociologie despre liantul social, (trad.rom: 2002, Olga Moraru), Bucureşti, Ştiinţa.
Ungureanu, I.(1990). Paradigme ale cunoaşterii societăţii, Bucureşti: Humanitas.
Van Gramberg, B. (2010). The usefulness of appreciative inquiry as a method to identify mass sports program success. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 30E, 118-131.
Weil, M. (1985). Key components in providing efficient and effective services. In: Weil. M & Karls, J., Case management in human service practice, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wendt, S., Tuckey, M.R., & Prosser, B. (2011). Thriving, not just surviving, in emotionally demanding fields of practice. Health & Social Care in the Community, 19(3), 317-325. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00983.x.
Whitney, D. (1998). Let’s change the subject and change our organization: an appreciative to organizational change. Career Development International, 3(7), 314-319. DOI: 10.1108/13620439810240746.
Yballe, L., & O’Connor, D. (2000). Appreciative pedagogy: Constructing positive models for learning. Journal of Management Education, 24(4), 474-483. DOI: 10.1177/105256290002400406.
Yontef, G. (1997). Supervision from a Gestalt therapy perspective. In: Watkins, Jr., Handbook of psychotherapy supervision, Wiley, New York.
Bunea, O. (2009). Supervision as change factor of social intervention, Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 24, 127-144.
Bushe, G.R. (1999). Advances in appreciative inquiry as an organization development intervention, http://www.gervasebushe.com/aiodj.htm.
Bushe, G.R. (2010). A comparative case study of appreciative inquiries in one organization: implications for practice. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 29, 7-24.
Bushe, G.R., & Kassam, A.F. (2005). When is appreciative inquiry transformational? A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 41(2), 161-181. DOI: 10.1177/0021886304270337.
Coghlan, A.T., Preskill, H., & Catsambas, T.T. (2003). An overview of appreciative inquiry in evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, 100, 5-22. DOI: 10.1002/ev.96.
Cojocaru, D. (2003). Ancheta apreciativă - formă a cercetarii - aciune in schimbarea sociala. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 2, 203-208.
Cojocaru, D. (2011). Attending parenting education programmes in Romania. The case of the Holt Romania Iasi programme. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 32,140-154.
Cojocaru, S. (2005). Metode apreciative în asistenta sociala. Ancheta, supervizarea şi managementul de caz. Iaşi: Polirom.
Cojocaru, S. (2006). Social projectionism: A vision for new ethics in social welfare. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies , 13, 32-38.
Cojocaru, S. (2008). Appreciative evaluation - a form of formative evaluation. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 20, 42-48.
Cojocaru, S. (2010). Appreciative supervision in social work. New opportunities for changing the social work practice. Revista de cercetare si interventie sociala, 29, 72-91.
Cojocaru, S. (2012a). Appreciative Supervision. Effects of Appreciative Supervision on the Social Practices, 2012 World Appreciative Inquiry Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 25-28 April, 2012.
Cojocaru, S. (2012b). Appreciative case management. Using the principles of Appreciative Inquiry in social intervention. 2012 World Appreciative Inquiry Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 25-28 April, 2012.
Cooperrider, D.L, & Whitney, D. (2000). Appreciative inquiry: Rethinking human organization toward a positive theory of change, Stipes: Champaign, IL.
Cooperrider, D.L. (1990). Positive image, positive action: the affirmative basis of organizing. In: S. Srivastva, & D.L. Cooperrider, Appreciative Management and Leadership, San Francisco: Jossey- Bass, pp. 91-125.
Cooperrider, D.L., & Avital, M. (Eds.). (2004). Advances in Appreciative Inquiry: Constructive discourse and human organization (vol.1). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Cooperrider, D.L., & Srivastva, S. (1987). Appreciative Inquiry in Organization Life. In: W.A. Pasmore & W. Woodman (eds), Research in Organizational Change and Development, 1, 129-169.
Cooperrider, D.L., & Whitney, D. (2001). A positive revolution in change. In: D.L. Cooperider, P. Sorenson, D. Whitney, & T. Yeager (eds.), Appreciative inquiry: An emerging direction for organization development. Champaign, IL: Stipes.
Cooperrider, DL, & Srivatsva, S. (1994). Appreciative inquiry: an alternative to problem solving. In: W. French, & C. Bell, Organizational development and transformation, Ridge: Irwin.
Cooperrider, DL, Barett, F., Srivatsva, S. (1995). Social construction and appreciative inquiry: A journey in organizational theory. In: Hosking, D.M., Dachler, P.H. şi Gergen, K.J., Management and Organization: relational alternatives to individualism, Avebury, Aldershot: 157-200.
Cooperrider, DL, Srivatsva, S. (1987). Appreciative Inquiry in Organization Life. In: R. Woodman and W. Pasmore (Eds.), Research in organizational change and development, Vol. 1, pp. 129–169.
Copperrider, D.L. (1990). Positive image, positive action: the affirmative basis of organizing. In: Srivastva, S., Cooperrider, D.L., Appreciative Management and Leadership, Jossey- Bass, San Francisco, pp. 91-125.
Cowling, W.R. III, & Repede, E. (2010). Unitary Appreciative Inquiry Evolution and Refinement. Advances in Nursing Science, 33(1), 64-77. DOI: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e3181ce6bdd.
Donaldson, S.I., & Ko, I. (2010). Positive organizational psychology, behavior, and scholarship: A review of the emerging literature and evidence base. Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(3), 177-191. DOI: 10.1080/17439761003790930.
Elliott, C. (1999). Locating the Energy for Change: An Introduction to Appreciative Inquiry, Winnipeg, Monitoba, Canada, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).
Espedal, G. (2008). Creating growth and development in a coaching relation using appreciative inquiry and solution focused approach, Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 20, 16-41.
Fernando, M.S.C. (2010). Appreciative inquiry: a positive approach to organizational planning and learning, Social Research Reports, 10, 3-105.
Galazka, A. (2011). Drama as a tool of appreciative inquiry in creative learning. New Educational Review, 24(2), 45-56.
Gergen, K.J. (1985). The social constructionism movement in modern psychology. American Psychologist, 40(3), 266-275.
Gugeanu, M. (2009). Supervision: new domain of social work in Romania, Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 24, 145-156.
Hart, R.K., Conklin, T.A., & Allen, S.J. (2008). Individual leader development: An appreciative inquiry approach. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(5), 632-650. DOI: 10.1177/1523422308321950.
Hirunwat, P. (2011). Appreciative Inquiry based organization development intervention process on satisfaction and engagement of senior patients and sustainability of Sukavet Institution: a case study of nursing home. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 33, 56-71.
Johnson, G., & Leavitt, W. (2001). Building on succes: transforming organisations through an appreciative inquiry. Public Personnel Management, 30 (1), 129-136. DOI: 10.1177/009102600103000111.
Kavanagh, T., Stevens, B., Seers, K., Sidani, S., & Watt-Watson, J. (2010). Process evaluation of appreciative inquiry to translate pain management evidence into pediatric nursing practice. Implementation Science, 5, 90. DOI: 10.1186/1748-5908-5-90.
Kelly, T. (2010). A positive approach to change: the role of appreciative inquiry in library and information organisations. Australian Academic & Research Libraries, 41(3), 163-177. DOI: 10.1080/00048623.2010.10721461.
Kluger, A.N., & Nir, D. (2010). The feed forward interview. Human Resource Management Review, 20(3), SI, 235-246. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.08.002.
Kumar, L.R., & Chacko, TV. (2010). Using appreciative inquiry on learning styles to facilitate student learning. Medical Education, 44(11), 1121-1122. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03842.x.
Lander, D.A. (2002). Teaching and learning research literacies in graduate adult education: appreciative inquiry into practitioners ways of writing. Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education, 28(1), 31-55. DOI: 10.21225/D5W89B.
Loomis, J.F. (1988). Case management in health care. Health and Social Work, 13, 219-225. DOI: 10.1093/hsw/13.3.219.
Ludema, J.D., Whitney, D., Mohr, B.J., & Griffin, T.J. (2003). The appreciative inquiry summit: A pratitionr’s guide for leading large group change,San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Mc Quaide, S. and Ehrenreich J.H. (1997). Assessing client strengths. Families in Society, 78, 202- 210.
Messerschmidt, D. (2008). Evaluating Appreciative Inquiry as an Organizational Transformation Tool: An Assessment from Nepal. Human Organization, 67(4), 454-468.
Mezirow, J. (1996). Contemporary paradigms of learning. Adult Education Quarterly, 46(3), 158-173. DOI: 10.1177/074171369604600303.
Moore, S.T. (1992). Case Management and the Integration of Services: How Service Delivery Systems Shape Case Management. Social Work, 37(5), 418-423. DOI: 10.1093/sw/37.5.418.
Murrel, K.L, Watkins, J.M., Mohr, B. (2001). Book review of Appreciative Inquiry: change at the speed of imagination, Organization Development Journal, 19(3): 92-93.
National Association of Social Workers: NASW Standards for Social Case Management. Washington DC, NASW, June 1992 în http:\\Jma10\ServiceDataDirectory \_APRoAccess|Accounts|RessourcesMgtPlus
Ojha, G.P. (2010). Appreciative inquiry approach to evaluation practices in South Asia. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 30, 7-18.
Rattanaphan, P. (2010). Impact of organization of organization development interventions on human capital: a case study of Thailand Appreciative Inquiry Network. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 29, 25-43.
Reed, J. (2007). Appreciative inquiry: research for change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ridgely, M.S. şi Willenbring, M. (1992). Aplication of case management to drug abuse treatment: Overview of models and research issues. In: Ashery, R. (coord.), Progress and issues in case management (vol. 127, pp. 12-33), Rockville, MD, US Department of Health and Human Services, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration.
Rothman, J. (1991). A Model of Case Management: Toward Empirically Based Practice. Social Work, 36(6), 520-528. DOI: 10.1093/sw/36.6.520.
Rubin, A. (1987). Case management. In Encyclopedia of Social Work, Silver Spring, MD: National Association of Social Workers, vol. 1: 212-222.
Rubin, R., Kerrell, R., & Roberts, G. (2011). Appreciative inquiry in occupational therapy education. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(5), 233-240. DOI: 10.4276/030802211X13046730116533.
Saleebey D. (1992). The strengths perspective in social work practice., New York: Longman.
Saleebey D. (1994). Culture, theory and narrative: The intersection of meaning in practice. Social Work, 39, 346-358. DOI: 10.1093/sw/39.4.351.
Sandu, A., & Ciuchi, O.M. (2010). Affirmative dimensions of applied ethics. Apreciative therapies. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 30, 53-62.
Searles H.F. (1995). The informational values of the supervisor’s emotional experience. Psychiatry, 18. 133-141. DOI: 10.1080/00332747.1955.11023001.
Sullivan, W.P., Wolk, J.L., & Hartmann, D.J. (1992). Case management in alcohol and drug treatment: Improving client outcomes. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 73: 195-204. DOI: 10.1177/104438949207300401.
Thuderoy C. (2000). Negocierile. Eseu de sociologie despre liantul social, (trad.rom: 2002, Olga Moraru), Bucureşti, Ştiinţa.
Ungureanu, I.(1990). Paradigme ale cunoaşterii societăţii, Bucureşti: Humanitas.
Van Gramberg, B. (2010). The usefulness of appreciative inquiry as a method to identify mass sports program success. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 30E, 118-131.
Weil, M. (1985). Key components in providing efficient and effective services. In: Weil. M & Karls, J., Case management in human service practice, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wendt, S., Tuckey, M.R., & Prosser, B. (2011). Thriving, not just surviving, in emotionally demanding fields of practice. Health & Social Care in the Community, 19(3), 317-325. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00983.x.
Whitney, D. (1998). Let’s change the subject and change our organization: an appreciative to organizational change. Career Development International, 3(7), 314-319. DOI: 10.1108/13620439810240746.
Yballe, L., & O’Connor, D. (2000). Appreciative pedagogy: Constructing positive models for learning. Journal of Management Education, 24(4), 474-483. DOI: 10.1177/105256290002400406.
Yontef, G. (1997). Supervision from a Gestalt therapy perspective. In: Watkins, Jr., Handbook of psychotherapy supervision, Wiley, New York.